Star Anise: More Than Just a Spice - Discover Its Medicinal Power and Growing Market Prospects
When it comes to star anise, most people's first reaction is usually as a seasoning, a common ingredient in braised meat dishes that helps remove any fishy or gamey odors. But what you may not know is that star anise is more than just a spice. It actually moonlights in other roles and serves different purposes!
Star anise is the fruit of the star anise tree, scientifically known as Illicium verum. It is a commonly used seasoning that can eliminate unpleasant odors in certain meats and add a delightful aroma. That's why star anise is also known as aniseed.
Star anise is an essential seasoning in making cold dishes, stews, and braised dishes. Its role is unmatched by other spices, and it is a key ingredient in the production of Chinese five-spice powder. So, star anise primarily plays the role of a seasoning in people's daily lives. However, apart from being a seasoning, star anise is also a medicinal herb with powerful pharmacological effects.
Main Production Areas
Star anise is a tropical tree species primarily found in South Asia. It thrives in mountainous regions with a cool winter and warm summer climate, preferably on deep, well-drained, fertile, moist, and slightly acidic sandy loam soil. It does not grow well in dry, barren, or low-lying waterlogged areas.
Star anise has two flowering periods within a year, resulting in what is known as spring fruit and autumn fruit. The spring fruit is harvested from January to February, while the autumn fruit is harvested from August to September. Generally, the autumn fruit has a higher yield, larger and fuller fruits, and better quality compared to the spring fruit, which tends to have lower quality, smaller fruits, and lower yield.
Star anise is mainly distributed in Southeast Asia and North America, with Asia accounting for 80% of its production. China is the primary producer, followed by Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Sumatra in Indonesia, and Kalimantan in the Philippines.
In China, star anise is mainly grown in the provinces and regions of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Fujian, and Taiwan. Guangxi is the original and main production area of star anise, accounting for 85% of the global production and 90% of the national production. Within Guangxi, cities such as Fangchenggang, Wuzhou, and Yulin are major star anise production areas. Fangchenggang has the largest planting area in the Guangxi region. There are a total of eight "Hometowns of Chinese Star Anise" in the country, with seven of them located in Guangxi. The only one outside Guangxi is Funing County.
Diverse Types of Star Anise Extracts
Star anise has been utilized as a resource in China for over a thousand years, making it the only country in the world capable of large-scale production and supply of star anise resources. With advancing technology and development, more beneficial components can be extracted from star anise for human consumption.
Through different extraction processes, various hierarchical products can be obtained from star anise. The primary products include dried star anise fruits and anise oil. Deep processing products include anethole, cis-anethole, anisole, estragole, and star anise oil resin. The content of estragole in star anise fruits can reach approximately 10%.
The fruits and leaves of star anise can be used to extract anise oil, which has a fragrant aroma reminiscent of anise, licorice, and fennel. It can be directly used to prepare alcoholic beverages, tobacco, food, and feed flavors. Further separation and processing of star anise yield various components, including anethole, anisole, estragole, and safrole, which are commonly used in the food industry for flavoring various food products and in the cosmetics industry as fragrances for perfumes, soaps, toothpaste, and more.
Anethole extracted from star anise oil can also be used to synthesize trans-anethole, anisaldehyde, trans-anethole alcohol, and anise camphor, which are important flavoring agents or growth promoters in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries, as well as in animal husbandry.
Significant Medicinal Value of Star Anise
Star anise is one of the precious tree species in southern China, and its mature fruit is an important medicinal and food material in the country. Both the fruit and seeds of star anise can be used in traditional Chinese medicine due to their high health and medicinal value.
Throughout Chinese history, star anise has been used in medicinal recipes to warm the body, dispel cold, regulate qi (vital energy), and alleviate pain. Apart from its use in medicinal recipes, star anise can also be used to make herbal liqueurs. European absinthe is made by infusing star anise, and it is known for its ability to warm the body, regulate qi, improve digestion, and dispel cold. However, consuming it directly after infusion can be bitter, so it needs to be distilled before it becomes enjoyable.
The main active component of star anise is anethole, which can stimulate the gastrointestinal neurovascular system, promote the secretion of digestive juices, increase gastrointestinal motility, and has stomach-tonifying and qi-regulating effects. It can help relieve spasms and alleviate pain. In modern medicine, star anise is often used as a carminative and stimulant.
Furthermore, the most pharmaceutically valuable component of star anise, safrole, is a crucial raw material for the antiviral drug "Tamiflu" (oseltamivir phosphate), which is clinically effective in preventing and treating influenza.
As you can see, star anise is not just an ordinary seasoning. It is a powerful medicinal herb with significant pharmacological effects and finds broad applications in industry and medicine.
Market Prospects for Star Anise
Star anise not only has a huge demand in the seasoning industry, but its essential oil also shows remarkable effectiveness in treating influenza-like diseases, leading to a significant increase in medicinal demand. According to data from TianDi YunTu, in 2021, the export trade value of star anise reached 691 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 58.12%.
With the advancement of the "Belt and Road" initiative, there are increasing opportunities for star anise as a spice resource to participate in international trade, and it is expected that future export volume will continue to grow. As technology continues to advance, the processing methods and application areas of star anise resources are driving the upgrading and expansion of the star anise industry. Star anise is finding wider applications and experiencing increased demand, indicating a promising market outlook.
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